When was odessa founded

As an example of what he found so attractive and exceptional in Odessa, Z. Odessa in the Late Nineteenth Century Toward the end of the nineteenth century, Odessa became the fourth-largest city in the Russian Empire. Most of the Jews who lived in Odessa at end of the nineteenth century were migrants, from middle-class merchants to poor Jews, who were living and working as small artisans and middlemen in neighborhoods and suburbs such as Moldavanka.

Around the same time, an extraordinary group of Jewish writers , intellectuals, and political figures formed a loose circle in the city that became known as the " Sages of Odessa. Adler remembers Akiva in his memoir, A Life on the Stage :. First, the tasteless smoke-filled mansions of Robina, Libman. And the next day small synopses printed in the newspapers.

Such are our ways, a kind of Odessan fun-house mirror. The Duke de Richelieu remained the unchanged mayor of Odessa for eleven years.

However, when the Bourbons came to power in France again, he returned to his homeland, where he became prime minister. Alexander I, who visited Odessa three years after the Duke left Russia, was so impressed with the metamorphosis and transformation of the city that he immediately issued a decree awarding the Duke de Richelieu with the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called. The duke died at the age of 56 in France.

When news of his death reached Odessa, all residents of South Palmyra were amazed at the sudden death of the most respected person in the city. The sketch of the monument was designed by the greatest sculptor of the time Ivan Martos, who portrayed the duke in full growth, as if marching along Odessa.

The permission to install the monument was signed by Alexander I himself. A lot of water has expired since then, a lot has changed in Odessa, but the Duke monument still remains a favorite meeting place for Odessa citizens and a visiting card of the city.

The Potemkin Stairs. The author of the project was the architect F. Boffo, who carefully developed the proportions of the building, pleasing the eye with several optical effects.

Originally the staircase was wooden, then of its steps were laid out from the Trieste sandstone. Almost years later, it was replaced with granite, and the sites were asphalted. Now there are steps and 10 sites on the stairs. In Soviet times, the staircase was renamed in memory of the rebellion on the battleship Potemkin in , and before the revolution it was called Rishelyevskaya. Monument to Empress Catherine II and her companions.

Monument to the founders of Odessa, or, more precisely, the monument to Catherine the Great and her companions, is located on Ekaterininskaya Square in Odessa. The monument was erected in honor of the great Empress Catherine II, who is considered the founder of the city and outstanding personalities from her surroundings who led Odessa to blossom, creating a real pearl on the sea from a small fishing town.

The monument was first erected in the distant , but after 20 years it was dismantled. And only after almost a century, in the monument was restored. Catherine the decree of marked the beginning of the construction of a large commercial port on the Black Sea, and thus became the founder of Odessa.

In gratitude for this, the residents of Odessa decided to install a monument to Catherine II on the square of the same name. When the Bolsheviks came to power in Odessa, the monument was dismantled, it was even wanted to be melted down on shells. However, due to chance, the figures remained intact, and for many years were stored in the cellars of the museum of local lore. Bialik, J. Klausner, A. Druyanow, and M. Gluecksohn not only succeeded in raising them to a high literary standard but also won considerable influence among the public through the ideological integrity of their publications.

Bialik and Y. Rawnitzky, S. A Hebrew literary center and "Hebrew climate" was created in Odessa. It united the Hebrew writers by an internal bond more closely than in any other place; it attracted toward Hebrew literature authors who had become estranged from it or who had never approached it Mendele Mokher Seforim, S.

Ben-Ammi, S. Jabotinsky ; it produced new authors who were to play an important and valuable role in literature S.

Klausner, N. Ben-Zion, Y. Dubnow, M. Ussishkin and V. Jabotinsky and its opponents, grouped around the local branch of the Society for Promotion of Culture among the Jews of Russia who stood for "striking civic roots, linguistic-cultural assimilation, and general ideals" M. Morgulis, J. With the advent of the Soviet regime, Odessa ceased to be the Jewish cultural center in southern Russia.

The symbol of the destruction of Hebrew culture was the departure from Odessa for Constantinople in June of a group of Hebrew authors led by Bialik. Russian-oriented assimilation prevailed among the Jews of Odessa in the s though the city belonged to the Ukraine. The renowned Jewish libraries of the city were amalgamated into a single library named after Mendele Mokher Seforim. In the later s, as in the rest of Russia, Jewish cultural activity ceased in Odessa and was eventually completely eradicated.

The rich Jewish life in Odessa found vivid expression in Russian-Jewish fiction, as, e. Eshkol, Enziklopedyah Yisre'elit , 1 , —26; B. Shohetman, in: Arim ve-Immahot be-Yisrael , 2 , 58— incl. Lestschinsky, Dos Sovetishe Yidntum ; Heb. Ha-Yehudim be-Rusyah ha-Sovyetit , ; A. Subbotin, V cherte yevreyskoy osedlosti , 2 ; J.

Lerner, Yevrei v Novorossiyskom kraye-istoricheskiye ocherki ; A. Werth, Russia at War, — , —26; S. Schwarz, Jews in the Soviet Union , index, I. Ehrenburg et al. Carp ed.

Sources: Encyclopaedia Judaica. All Rights Reserved. Download our mobile app for on-the-go access to the Jewish Virtual Library. Eastern Europe. Rise of Polish-Lithuanian Jewry. Vladimir Volynski. Ottoman Empire. Pale of Settlement.

Yisrael ben Eliezer the Baal Shem Tov.